Employment services for youth. Are you between 16 and 30 and looking for work? Our YWCA WorkBC Employment Services Centres have specialized services and support for youth. Find out about our Employment programs for Youth. The International Education Division of Global Affairs Canada provides Canadians with opportunities to develop their knowledge of the world and foreigners can learn more about Canada. Youth Employment Program - Canada Business Network. National Research Council Canada, Government of Canada. You could receive a financial contribution towards the salary of a post- secondary graduate to help you research, develop and commercialize new technologies. To be eligible, your business needs to. Be incorporated and for- profit. Share a portion of the salary costs. Have up to 5. 00 full- time employees. Be ready to enhance its innovation capacity. The duration of the internship must be between six and twelve months. HS Calgary Region Employment, Training and Career Services. This section contains information about programs and services for unemployed youth. Youth Employment Services YES 555 Richmond Street West Suite 711 - Box 115 Toronto, ON M5V 3B1 Tel: 416-504-5516 Fax: 416-504-4654 Email: [email protected]. YOUTH EMPLOYMENT IN CANADA: CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS Report of the Standing Committee on Finance James Rajotte Chair JUNE 2014 41st PARLIAMENT, SECOND SESSION. Youth can search the Job Bank to find work opportunities. Employment and Social Development Canada supports several employment programs to help unemployed and underemployed. BC Centre for Employment Excellence. The Employment Programs of BC offers job search assistance. Youth Enabled Program. Youth Unemployment in Canada: Challenging Conventional Thinking? By the Certifi ed General Accountants Association of Canada.
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I was ten years old then; I had lost. The Dallas Socials. Dallas Lifestyle Blogger. The Best Pumpkin Patches in Dallas Fort Worth. October 7, 2. 01. Betsy. 11 Comments(Photo Credit: Collin 3. Every year, families and friends make it a tradition to visit the pumpkin patch. Every pumpkin patch is unique and offers different activities than the next one. Blogger Reviews: Pounds for Pennies says, “If you haven. It’s free to come out and pose with the pumpkins for a photo. Corn Maze: $5. Blogger Review: . Fort Worth, Texas Neighborhood Map - Income, House Prices, Occupations, Boundaries. Spatchcocking (or removing the backbone) lets a chicken lay almost flat, ensuring even cooking on the grill. Our flavorful rub includes sugar, so watch the chicken carefully and move it frequently so that the skin browns. Craft Fairs and Events of Ozark Heritage Ozark Merchants Craft Fair Directory Puts Ozark Arts and Crafts on the Map! Store Location List: Herbal Aloeforce products are proudly carried at over 1,000 retailers nationwide, including Alaska and Hawaii! Weekdays host privately booked school field trips. Hours of Operation. James Pumpkin Patch. Admission. The funds support youth outreach activities as well as local, national and international mission trips, particularly by providing scholarships. United Methodist Church. Admission: FREEDates. Bardin Road, Grand Prairie Texas 7. Colorado Calendar of Events Find out what is going on in the state of Colorado. Listed below are current events for the state of Colorado. If you wish to see more events for a particular town you may use this drop down menu to.
More Info: . All proceeds are designated for ministries of The Woods United Methodist Church and are tax deductible. Bethesda Road, Cleburne, TX 7. More Info: You do not receive a pumpkin with admission, but they are available for purchase. Hay rides are included in admission, plus tree house, Jumping Pillow, wooden maze and other playground activities. A multitude of special events will also be available on weekdays and weekends along with the hay bale maze, the great pumpkin search, and the Tom Thumb pumpkin patch.! Count on us for your fall decorating and baking! There will be lots of activities for the kids and backdrops for your photo opportunities. Blogger Reviews: . Check Facebook page for more details. Filed Under: Blog, Events. Tagged With: pumpkin patch« Totino’s Sampling Truck Takes Over Dallas. Eat Local with Restaurant. During National Dine Out Week »Comments. Heathersays. October 1. I love Hall's Pumpkin Patch in Grapevine / Colleyville! Reply. Becca Foustsays. October 1. 1, 2. 01. Awesome! Free Admission. Reply. Tinasays. October 1. HI everyone I’m new to tx, I’m in the dfw area- looking to go in the the country area if any?! To go pumpkon picking, I do not mind druving and make a day oit of our trip, can anyone recommend a place? Or tell me the names of the country areas so I can look!! I’ve had such a hard time finding info on all the different pumpkin patches, so this was incredibly helpful!! Have you been to any or do you have a favorite?! Reply. Leave a Reply Cancel replyDallas Lifestyle Blogger. Lifestyle Blog written by a 2. Email me: Betsy@The. Dallas. Socials. com. Interested in Oils? Search: Popular Posts: Twitter. Tweets by @Dallas. Socials. Subscribe: Enter your email address..Pages. About. Advertise. Contact. DFW Bloggers. Disclosures. Press. Submit Your Events. Visit Carnival. com to see our Caribbean cruises. Upcoming Events. Fall Leagues at Topgolf Dallas. September 1. 2 @ 7: 0. October 2. 4 @ 7: 0. Robot Check. Enter the characters you see below. Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies. Stealing Cars James Bay Free download Stealing Cars James Bay mp3 for free. Right click on the link and choose 'Save link as' to download James Bay - Stealing Cars mp3 for free. James Bay's debut stripped down EP 'The Dark of the Morning' is an intimate introduction to a new voice.
One such hybrid firewall system is the Astaro Security Gateway, which is sold both as a pre-installed network hardware device. If you’ve read through to this point, then maybe it’s time you started to Test Drive Your Firewall Solution. I've seen some people on the forums saying they had to do the hardware refresh in less than a years time. Another thing is, that I don't think Astaro/Sophos is a Hardware seller. They make money out of the software and the needed licences. Upgrading to the new UTM9 version software may not be available if you have older Astaro hardware. See table below: The previous table provides on overview about ASG/UTM hardware models and revisions supported by UTM 9, where each revision belongs to one of. The Barracuda Firewalls are awesome products, also with their hardware refresh program you get a brand new firewall every 4 years, no need to worry about older hardware on your rack. I highly recommend them. As far as SAM's comment on charging them, I see. Astaro offers upgrade to unified threat management Antony Savvas Astaro has launched a beta programme for its new unified security appliance and is tempting testers with free Wii gaming consoles. Unified threat management (UTM) is an approach to security management that allows an administrator to monitor and manage a wide variety of security-related applications and infrastructure components through a single management console. Life After TMG: Sophos UTMLife After TMG: Sophos UTMAs you most probably know, Microsoft has discontinued Forefront Threat Management Gateway 2. TMG) without announcing an official successor. Astaro Hardware Refresh Program For CosmetologyWith no direct upgrade path being available from Microsoft, more and more loyal TMG users start looking around for a replacement. For a long time, many TMG users considered Microsoft Unified Access Gateway (UAG) as a replacement. Whether or not UAG is a suitable replacement for TMG was subjects to debates all around the net. While the two products offered, in general, some of the same capabilities, there is no way UAG could replace Forefront TMG as a front- edge line of defense. Astaro Hardware Refresh ProgramsBesides, Microsoft was slowly backing out of the forefront security market by taking features away from UAG, clearly deprecating some features as of UAG SP3. Finally, it came to the logical end: Microsoft has announced it will not deliver any future full version releases of Forefront UAG, effectively discontinuing the product on July 1, 2. Now is the perfect time to look around for a third- party alternative to Forefront TMG and UAG. One of such alternatives is Sophos UTM. Sophos UTM as a TMG Replacement. Sophos the company has been around for a long time as a developer of anti- virus products. As of 2. 00. 9, Sophos expanded its business by acquiring Astaro, the developer of Unified Threat Management (UTM) products. Apparently, they timed the market just perfectly. With Microsoft discontinuing Forefront TMG, the now current Sophos UTM is seen as a perfect TMG replacement not only by TMG users but by Sophos itself. In fact, Sophos clearly positions its UTM solution as a replacement for TMG. In this article, we’ll have a look at firewalling and intrusion prevention features of Sophos UTM, as well as its other features essential for securing the edge of your network infrastructure. Sophos UTM: a Unified Threat Management System. So what is Sophos UTM? According to Sophos, the product offers complete protection for the entire network. Sophos UTM offers a built- in firewall, IDS/IPS, forward and reverse authenticated proxy, anti- malware protection, and has applications to secure Wi- Fi, VPN, Web and email, the latter including spam protection. As you can see, this is a pretty extensive feature list. Let’s have a look at what this product can really do to secure your network, and whether it really is a viable replacement for Forefront TMG. Licensing. Unlike the original Forefront TMG and many of its alleged replacements, Sophos offers one of the most flexible licensing policies. If you settle with Sophos UTM, you can choose to license individual protection modules or buy one of the pre- packaged deals. With Sophos UTM, you can either assemble an all- in- one security system or configure just the bare basics depending on your needs and your budget. Installation. Sophos offers multiple deployment options depending on your requirements. You can get a stand- alone hardware or virtual appliance with Sophos UTM pre- installed. Alternatively, you can install Sophos UTM on a dedicated or virtual server (e. Hyper- V, VMWare or one of the many supported virtualization platforms). Since our goal is finding a replacement for software- based Microsoft Forefront TMG, we’ll try the software- based version of Sophos UTM. Sophos delivers the software- based UTM system as a bootable ISO disk image. If you were to deploy it on a dedicated server, you could burn the image on a physical DVD disc. In our case, we were installing Sophos UTM to a virtual server, so no physical blanc DVD is needed. To install Sophos UTM, we did the usual preparations, creating a new virtual machine in Hyper- V, attaching the ISO image supplied by Sophos and selecting is as a boot device. Booting the virtual machine opens the setup window. The setup goes smooth and with no surprises. Sophos UTM will need to re- partition your disk. You will also need to choose between 3. Wait till the setup finishes copying the files, and proceed to the actual configuration. After the setup has finished copying the files, you can configure the settings of the internal NIC by specifying its IP address, net mask and default gateway. Finally, you will see the prompt telling you how to open the configuration settings (they are configured via a Web interface by accessing the link https: //your- IP- address: 4. The server will then reboot. You will then have a couple more steps to complete the setup via the Web interface. At last screen, you’ll be specifying the hostname and location or the Sophos UTM server, administrator’s password and email address. You will have to accept the displayed Terms and Conditions and either upload your license file (specifying which features of Sophos UTM will be activate) or run the product in time- limited demo mode. As you can see, in- place upgrades are supported at any time by simply uploading a new license file. The next steps of the wizard will help you configure the actual security system. You will specify the internal and external interfaces and choose the rule template that applies to internal users. By selecting the appropriate template you can restrict your internal users to Web only, allow or disallow instant messaging or peer- to- peer file exchange, and so on. Depending on your network configuration, you’ll need to specify which IPS policy templates should be loaded. There are templates for securing various network components against specific types of attacks, e. In addition, you’ll specify whether or not the UTM should responds to ICMP, enable or disable network visibility, configure malware protection to scan certain types of content, specify URL categories to block, and enable or disable spam protection and mail filtering for either SMTP, POP3 or both protocols. Finally, the very last page of the wizard displays all your configuration settings, and allows you deploying these settings on your new Sophos UTM server. After deploying the settings, you’ll be transferred to the main menu of the Web interface. At this point, Sophos UTM is already up and running. As you can see, the installation of Sophos UTM is very similar to the setup of Forefront TMG. Anyone who deployed TMG in their network will have no trouble installing Sophos UTM. Web GUISophos UTM is conveniently controlled via a Web- based user interface. As a result, you won’t need to set up MMC extensions on every computer you’d like to be able to control Sophos UTM from. Instead, you can just enter the server’s address (by default, it’s https: //server- IP- address: 4. Windows. The settings are protected with an admin password specified during the installation. The interface itself is tidy up to the point of being minimalistic. This minimalistic approach works very well here with no distracting bells and whistles. However, a real- time firewall chart is still included in the user interface. As you will see, the user interface reminds that of a typical router or firewall appliance. This is only logical considering that you can get Sophos UTM as a stand- alone hardware appliance. The user interface is highly consistent throughout the many configuration screens. This consistency makes interpreting data easy at first glance regardless of which screen you are looking at. The UI contains real- time charts for many types of logging and data. These real- time charts will come handy to both newcomers and seasoned administrators, presenting an overview of what’s happening around the network in a glance. When it comes to usability, this user interface may even beat Forefront TMG. One thing to note about this user interface is the default logout time. You will be logged out automatically after 5 minutes of inactivity. This is a user- configurable setting, so you might want to change that to a longer period of time before configuring all the rules and settings. Sophos UTM: Functionality. In this part of the article, we’ll discuss the various functions of Sophos UTM such as routing and firewalling, authentication, proxying, VPN support, and some advanced features such as mail filtering, malware inspection and so on. Firewalling. Configuring the firewall does not differ much from doing such in Forefront TMG. The firewall is configured via the Web interface through firewall rules. To create a rule, one should specify one or several sources such as IP addresses, networks or user groups; specify protocols (objects) and destinations (which, again, can be an IP address, a network or a user group). You will then specify an Action to allow or disallow the activity. You can optionally specify the exact time period during which the activity is permitted or disallowed. While creating a new firewall rule, you’ll be selecting the options from a list pre- configured objects. Of course, you have an option to create them just before selecting them. This, too, is similar to how TMG handles things. Shall you need to diagnose how a particular rule works, you can enable the “Log” option for that rule. This creates a log very similar to one produced by TMG. As you can see, firewalling in Sophos UTM looks deliberately similar to that in TMG so far. However, there are some new firewalling options named “Country blocking” and “ICMP” that were not available in TMG. Country Blocking. Country blocking, as the name suggests, is used to block all traffic originated from certain countries or entire continents based on the information returned by Geo. IP. Forefront TMG did not have such an option, although experienced administrators could be able to create an advanced rule to perform a similar task. Country blocking comes handy when you want to enforce your security policy, improve malware protection and URL filtering. ICMP Control. ICMP options are used to control ICMP traffic on a per- packet basis. The firewall can be configured to perform a certain action based on the packet properties, e. This enables you to control which information you make available to the world. Sophos UTM 9 AKA Astaro Web Demo . All Astaro products offer nine security applications in three categories - Web Security, Email Security and Network Security - fully integrated on a single management platform. Astaro products are distributed by a worldwide network of 3. Sophos UTM 9 Released. Today, after months in development representing thousands of hours of work, I am proud to announce that Sophos UTM 9 is being released. The next major version for the product formerly known as Astaro Security Gateway, UTM 9 is a major new version that offers over 6. Received with much fanfare at various partner events and by our beta testers, excitement surrounds the ability to manage the security of your endpoints directly within the UTM itself. We now offer the ability to manage antivirus and device control on your desktops with the same finesse that has made our RED branch office product and integrated wireless management offerings so popular. There is a new captive portal system, allowing you to create wireless hotspots for guests in your company, hotels, coffee shops, or other public places. The Antivirus system has been bolstered with the addition of Sophos' enterprise- class scanner, while UTM 9 remains one of the only products to offer dual scanning engines in parallel to give you extra security and choice. We yet again lead the way with a totally new HTML5 VPN system that is a true clientless system for accessing desktops and servers remotely: nothing to install, and nothing to remove when you are done! These and many, many more new features and improvements are clothed in a crisp new Web. Admin GUI look that is easier than ever to work with and full of enhancements. With a public beta spanning 6 months, over 6. UTM 9 shows - it is by far our most stable major release ever. Don't forget that your votes at our public feature portal helped shape this release and we'd invite you to continue (or start) participating as we prepare for future UTM 9 versions and look to bring even more abilities into our UTM platform. Full information for this major release; how you upgrade from ASG Version 8, where you can get UTM 9, release notes, and extended information is available inside. Read on for all the details! Extended information about the features and changes in UTM 9 are included in the release notes. Below is an overview of the Major and Minor features which have been implemented, along with a small summary of other changes. Sophos UTM 9 Overview. Major New Features. Endpoint Protection. Wireless Captive Portals. HTML5 VPN Portal. Sophos Anti- Virus Engine. New Web. Admin GUI Look. Minor New Features. Apple i. OS Support for Web. Admin (and other touch enabled devices)You. Tube for Schools. NAT Rules. SSL VPN without Admin rights. New Appliance LCD Functions. HA/Clustering Cold- Standby option During Up. Date. New Constant Live- Log Button. Customizable Dashboard. Enhanced Listbox Functionality. Support for Network Definition Ranges. Download and Distribution of User VPN Configurations. Support for Multiple Objects in Firewall Rules. Interface Group Objects. Time- Based Wireless Networks. Extended Dynamic DNS Provider Provider Support. Site Path Routing for Webserver Protection. Support for International Characters & Spaces in SSL VPNMultiple Path Routing support in BGPOther changes and items to note: Licensing As Astaro continues to integrate within Sophos, some small changes have been made to the licensing due to discount structures and slight tweaks to the partner program. The first is that special Virtual License have been removed and virtualized installations will now use normal Software Appliance keys. This reduces the complexity and number of different licenses (and SKU's) needed and thus helps simplify the price list. Second is that the Full Guard Premium bundles have been removed as well as part of the integration and reseller structuring, while also reducing the SKU's and price list size. This doesn't affect your ability to have Full Guard with premium support of course; just purchase Full Guard standard and a Premium support upgrade for it. If you have any questions at all on this we'd be happy to answer them! Hotspots with wired interfaces. While not the primary focus, it is technically possible to use Hotspots on wired interfaces. This is not recommended and can cause side- effects like locking you out of Web. Admin if used on the interface which is configured to communicate with a backend authentication server (which thus breaks the communication) and all local administrator accounts have been disabled. UTM 9 Support on older appliances. UTM 9 can be run on all but the oldest of ASG appliances. If you have an extremely old appliance it will not be able to one- touch upgrade or install UTM 9 from ISO image. Appliances which might not be able to run the new features in UTM 9 and still service the target market for which they were originally designed have been designated as . Depending on the features you use, the size of your network, bandwidth of your Internet connection, and how close you are to being overloaded already in ASG V8, these appliances may run just fine, or end up having performance problems. All of the last line of Astaro- branded appliances are supported as of course is all of the White Sophos- branded units. If your appliance is older and you would like the latest unit at a special discount, you can take advantage of our Hardware Refresh Program to get a discount on a new one. See the release notes for more information around ASG appliances with UTM 9. Endpoint Protection Licensing. Our new Endpoint Protection requires a separate subscription and is not part of the Full Guard licensing bundles. Downloading UTM 9. Offical release notes can be downloaded here. UTM 9 is now available as an ISO image which can be used to install UTM 9 cleanly on your own software appliances and supported existing ASG / Sophos UTM appliances. Be sure that you download the appropriate image since as always, the hardware appliance ISO will not install on a software/virtual appliance, and installing a software appliance image on a hardware appliance may cause issues like incorrect numbering of the network interface hardware. There will also an Up. Date package for ASG V8 to UTM 9 (see below) that will be made available soon, and this post will be updated with links and information at that time for these downloads. Hardware Appliance (for our branded appliances like the UTM 3. ISO Link: ftp: //ftp. UTM/v. 9/hardware. In the coming weeks near the end of August, we will issue an Up. 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After surgery to remove. Reconstructive. surgery is either carried out at. It may involve. Skin, bone or tissue. Prosthetic reconstruction. Oral cancer surgery. Localised cancers can be treated with simple day surgery to. This will heal without side. If the cancer is larger, surgery may be more. You may also need a neck dissection to remove. A. biopsy confirmed a squamous. An x- ray, CT. scan, ultrasound and PET scan. Later my. jaw was reconstructed with. I also had. radiotherapy to my lower jaw and. My only ongoing. side effect is a dry. Surgery to remove this gland is called a parotidectomy. Reconstructive. surgery will restore any removed tissue. If the nerve is. damaged or removed during the surgery, it may be repaired. If successful, this will improve movement. Nerves. controlling the tongue and lower part of the face may be damaged. If the cancer is in a minor salivary. I had intrusive surgery, which meant my. I am. currently free of the cancer. If you have surgery, the surgeon will cut out the. The surgery is. more likely to be extensive and may require reconstruction. Laryngeal cancer surgery. If the cancer is at an early stage, you may be offered transoral. The time it takes for your voice to recover will. The surgeon will work with. You. will keep parts of your voice box and be able to speak and swallow. A speech. pathologist can assist with retraining. This is now a rare surgery. Total laryngectomy –. This removes the larynx and separates. Without your. vocal cords, you won’t be able to speak naturally after this. Once the thyroid is removed, you. T4), the hormone that maintains. After surgery, you will be prescribed an oral. You will need to take this hormone replacement. This can be distressing, but talking to. The aim. of surgery is to remove all of the tumour and a small area of. If your nose, or a part of it, is removed, you may get. This will be synthetic or made. Short- term side effects vary. Usually lasts for less than 2. You may. have tubes at the surgery site to drain excess fluid. Breathing changes –. If your mouth is swollen and breathing. The tracheostomy is usually. Dietary changes –. You will usually start with fluids, move. A temporary feeding. Alternatively, a gastrostomy tube, known. PEG feeding tube, may be inserted. See information on managing dietary changes. Long- term side effects. After surgery for localised or early stage cancer, there are generally. However, after more extensive surgery. You may also. see a speech pathologist and/or dietitian before surgery to discuss. Talk to your doctor about what to expect. Long- term. side effects may include. Breathing changes –. After certain throat surgeries, the. This can be temporary, or permanent in the case of a. Taste and smell changes –. If you have a craniofacial. If you have a laryngectomy, air will no. Swallowing difficulties –. Surgery may affect your ability to. A speech pathologist will let you know safe ways to eat. If. you are having difficulty eating or drinking, you may be given a. Speech changes –. Changes to how clearly you speak and/or. Speech. therapy can assist you in adjusting to these changes. Appearance changes –. Many types of head and neck surgery. A. reconstructive surgeon is often able to make physical changes. Pain and physical discomfort –. If you have lymph nodes. Sensation. may gradually improve over 1. Vision changes –. If the cancer is in your eye socket, the surgeon. Your changed. vision should not prevent you from continuing activities such as. Lymphoedema –. If you have lymph nodes removed, you may. It can be used alone or with other. Radiotherapy can be given externally or internally. You will lie on a treatment table while radiation. Treatment itself is. Monday–Friday) as outpatient. You will be monitored by the radiation. Many people are able to return to. These techniques allow multiple radiation. This reduces. the treatment time, and limits the impact of radiation on. Small tubes containing radioactive. Your doctor. will give you more information about this treatment. This ensures that the radiotherapy is targeted to the. You can see and breathe through the mask. The radiation. therapy care team can help you manage this. Your health care team. However, if ORN does. This treatment. delivers concentrated oxygen. The aim of chemotherapy is to destroy cancer cells while doing. You will probably receive. Chemotherapy may be given in a. Chemotherapy side effects. There are many possible side effects of chemotherapy, depending. Many side effects are preventable and. Combined chemoradiation may cause more severe side. The combined treatment. In. rare cases, palliative treatment is offered in an attempt to delay. Treatment may include radiotherapy. My cancer was caused. HPV virus. I hadn’t. I lost the capacity. I. used an i. Pad to communicate. I had to wear a special mask. The mask keeps you. I had. never seen a mask like this and. I had never heard about their. A combination of. I can talk, swallow and I. Find a dentist. who understands the effects. Tell your trusted family. Do everything you can to. The type of surgery depends. Not everyone with a head and. For cancers that are easily. Most people. recover quickly and manage. For some head and neck. Reconstructive surgery, if. Radiotherapy, used alone. Radiotherapy can be given. VMAT, IMRT. Tomo. Therapy) or internally. Before radiotherapy, you. Chemotherapy can be. Palliative treatment is given. It may include. radiotherapy, chemotherapy. Concurrency Control in Distributed Database System. Concurrency Control: In distributed database. Introducing concurrency control into a system means. Distributed concurrency control. Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems (free PDF. Transaction Management in Distributed Database. A distributed system usually exhibits more complexity. Concurrency control - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In information technology and computer science, especially in the fields of computer programming, operating systems, multiprocessors, and databases, concurrency control ensures that correct results for concurrent operations are generated, while getting those results as quickly as possible. Computer systems, both software and hardware, consist of modules, or components. Concurrency Control in Distributed Database. Distributed concurrency control. Distributed Optimistic Concurrency Control for High Performance Transaction Processing. Each component is designed to operate correctly, i. When components that operate concurrently interact by messaging or by sharing accessed data (in memory or storage), a certain component's consistency may be violated by another component. The general area of concurrency control provides rules, methods, design methodologies, and theories to maintain the consistency of components operating concurrently while interacting, and thus the consistency and correctness of the whole system. Introducing concurrency control into a system means applying operation constraints which typically result in some performance reduction. Operation consistency and correctness should be achieved with as good as possible efficiency, without reducing performance below reasonable levels. Concurrency control can require significant additional complexity and overhead in a concurrent algorithm compared to the simpler sequential algorithm. For example, a failure in concurrency control can result in data corruption from torn read or write operations. Concurrency control in databases. These issues (e. g., see Concurrency control in operating systems below) are out of the scope of this section. Concurrency control in Database management systems (DBMS; e. Bernstein et al. 1. Weikum and Vossen 2. Grid computing and Cloud computing) ensures that database transactions are performed concurrently without violating the data integrity of the respective databases. Thus concurrency control is an essential element for correctness in any system where two database transactions or more, executed with time overlap, can access the same data, e. Chapter 19: Distributed Databases! Concurrency Control in Distributed Databases! Consequently, a vast body of related research has been accumulated since database systems emerged in the early 1. A well established concurrency control theory for database systems is outlined in the references mentioned above: serializability theory, which allows to effectively design and analyze concurrency control methods and mechanisms. An alternative theory for concurrency control of atomic transactions over abstract data types is presented in (Lynch et al. This theory is more refined, complex, with a wider scope, and has been less utilized in the Database literature than the classical theory above. Each theory has its pros and cons, emphasis and insight. To some extent they are complementary, and their merging may be useful. To ensure correctness, a DBMS usually guarantees that only serializable transaction schedules are generated, unless serializability is intentionally relaxed to increase performance, but only in cases where application correctness is not harmed. For maintaining correctness in cases of failed (aborted) transactions (which can always happen for many reasons) schedules also need to have the recoverability (from abort) property. A DBMS also guarantees that no effect of committed transactions is lost, and no effect of aborted (rolled back) transactions remains in the related database. Overall transaction characterization is usually summarized by the ACID rules below. As databases have become distributed, or needed to cooperate in distributed environments (e. Federated databases in the early 1. Cloud computing currently), the effective distribution of concurrency control mechanisms has received special attention. Database transaction and the ACID rules. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e. Each transaction has well defined boundaries in terms of which program/code executions are included in that transaction (determined by the transaction's programmer via special transaction commands). Every database transaction obeys the following rules (by support in the database system; i. Atomicity - Either the effects of all or none of its operations remain (. In other words, to the outside world a committed transaction appears (by its effects on the database) to be indivisible (atomic), and an aborted transaction does not affect the database at all. Consistency - Every transaction must leave the database in a consistent (correct) state, i. A transaction must transform a database from one consistent state to another consistent state (however, it is the responsibility of the transaction's programmer to make sure that the transaction itself is correct, i. DBMS). Thus since a database can be normally changed only by transactions, all the database's states are consistent. Isolation - Transactions cannot interfere with each other (as an end result of their executions). Moreover, usually (depending on concurrency control method) the effects of an incomplete transaction are not even visible to another transaction. Providing isolation is the main goal of concurrency control. Durability - Effects of successful (committed) transactions must persist through crashes (typically by recording the transaction's effects and its commit event in a non- volatile memory). The concept of atomic transaction has been extended during the years to what has become Business transactions which actually implement types of Workflow and are not atomic. However also such enhanced transactions typically utilize atomic transactions as components. Why is concurrency control needed? However, if concurrent transactions with interleaving operations are allowed in an uncontrolled manner, some unexpected, undesirable result may occur, such as: The lost update problem: A second transaction writes a second value of a data- item (datum) on top of a first value written by a first concurrent transaction, and the first value is lost to other transactions running concurrently which need, by their precedence, to read the first value. The transactions that have read the wrong value end with incorrect results. The dirty read problem: Transactions read a value written by a transaction that has been later aborted. This value disappears from the database upon abort, and should not have been read by any transaction (. The reading transactions end with incorrect results. The incorrect summary problem: While one transaction takes a summary over the values of all the instances of a repeated data- item, a second transaction updates some instances of that data- item. The resulting summary does not reflect a correct result for any (usually needed for correctness) precedence order between the two transactions (if one is executed before the other), but rather some random result, depending on the timing of the updates, and whether certain update results have been included in the summary or not. Most high- performance transactional systems need to run transactions concurrently to meet their performance requirements. Thus, without concurrency control such systems can neither provide correct results nor maintain their databases consistent. Concurrency control mechanisms. An aborted transaction is immediately restarted and re- executed, which incurs an obvious overhead (versus executing it to the end only once). If not too many transactions are aborted, then being optimistic is usually a good strategy. Pessimistic - Block an operation of a transaction, if it may cause violation of the rules, until the possibility of violation disappears. Blocking operations is typically involved with performance reduction. Semi- optimistic - Block operations in some situations, if they may cause violation of some rules, and do not block in other situations while delaying rules checking (if needed) to transaction's end, as done with optimistic. Different categories provide different performance, i. If selection and knowledge about trade- offs are available, then category and method should be chosen to provide the highest performance. The mutual blocking between two transactions (where each one blocks the other) or more results in a deadlock, where the transactions involved are stalled and cannot reach completion. Most non- optimistic mechanisms (with blocking) are prone to deadlocks which are resolved by an intentional abort of a stalled transaction (which releases the other transactions in that deadlock), and its immediate restart and re- execution. The likelihood of a deadlock is typically low. Blocking, deadlocks, and aborts all result in performance reduction, and hence the trade- offs between the categories. Methods. Most of them can be implemented within either main category above. Access of a transaction to a data item (database object) locked by another transaction may be blocked (depending on lock type and access operation type) until lock release. Serialization graph checking (also called Serializability, or Conflict, or Precedence graph checking) - Checking for cycles in the schedule's graph and breaking them by aborts. Timestamp ordering (TO) - Assigning timestamps to transactions, and controlling or checking access to data by timestamp order. Commitment ordering (or Commit ordering; CO) - Controlling or checking transactions' chronological order of commit events to be compatible with their respective precedence order. Other major concurrency control types that are utilized in conjunction with the methods above include: Multiversion concurrency control (MVCC) - Increasing concurrency and performance by generating a new version of a database object each time the object is written, and allowing transactions' read operations of several last relevant versions (of each object) depending on scheduling method. Index concurrency control - Synchronizing access operations to indexes, rather than to user data. Specialized methods provide substantial performance gains. |
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